Moreover, participants of TRUST/RV368 reported incomplete condom uptake for HIV and STI prevention. Prevalence estimates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) were high (26% and 14%, respectively) along with other STIs. HIV prevalence ranged from 44–66% and incidence was 15 per 100 person-years. The TRUST/RV368 study is one of the largest cohorts of MSM and TGW in sub-Saharan Africa providing estimates of the overall burden of HIV and STIs in Nigeria. Whether these factors are consistent among MSM and TGW as compared to reproductive-aged adults is yet to be determined. However, many of these risk factors were derived primarily from large heterosexual studies with only a couple from MSM. Additionally, having multiple sexual partners, anal sex, forced sex, and paid sex were also indicators of oral sex practices. Other factors associated with oral sex practices globally included using a phone every day, internet use, low-risk perception of HIV, and recently being pregnant. Furthermore, those living with HIV were significantly more likely to have regular receptive oral sex than those who were not living with HIV (86% and 23%, respectively). A small study among 42 MSM from Central African Republic found an overall prevalence of 67% and oral sex was more common among MSM-only as compared to men who have sex with men and women (MSMW) (100% vs. Īcross sub-Saharan Africa, oral sex practices broadly range from 8–84%, with nearly all studies focusing on heterosexual partnerships. Little is known regarding the prevalence of oral sex practices and oropharyngeal STIs in TGW. Oropharyngeal STIs among MSM range in prevalence (5–39%) depending on the infection, sample population and co-infection with HIV. Condomless oral sex allows transmission of STIs, such as gonorrhea, chlamydia, and human papillomavirus, through the oral mucosa.
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In a prior study where participants reported 100% condom use during anal sex, 18% engaged in condomless oral sex.
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Previous studies, limited primarily to the United States, have suggested that condomless oral sex practices are common among MSM with less than 30% using condoms during oral sex. Most prevention efforts for men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW) have focused on curtailing HIV with less emphasis on preventing transmission of other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The funders had no role in study design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Department of Defense URL:, Fogarty Epidemiology Research Training for Public Health Impact in Nigeria program URL:, President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief through a cooperative agreement between the Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Global AIDS Program, and the Institute for Human Virology-Nigeria URL. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., and the U.S. To request a minimal data set, please contact the Research Administrator: Ashley Shutt at and indicate the TRUST/RV368 study along with the name of the manuscript.įunding: U.S National Institutes of Health URL:, the Henry M. Distribution of de-identified participant-level data and accompanying research resources will require compliance with all applicable regulatory and ethical processes, including establishment and approval of an appropriate data-sharing agreement. The IRB-approved protocol for this study allows the publication of aggregate data only and specifically prohibits the publication or distribution of individual-level data. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: The study investigators and ethical review committees have implemented additional measures to ensure participant anonymity is maintained in all reporting of research data.
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Received: JAccepted: AugPublished: September 4, 2020Ĭopyright: © 2020 Robbins et al. Dalby, University of Westminster, UNITED KINGDOM (2020) Oral sex practices among men who have sex with men and transgender women at risk for and living with HIV in Nigeria. Citation: Robbins SJ, Dauda W, Kokogho A, Ndembi N, Mitchell A, Adebajo S, et al.